القيادة والأخلاقيات والبحث
Styles, delegation, SBAR, ethical principles, prevention levels.
القيادة والأخلاقيات والبحث
Leadership styles
| Style | Features | Best for |
|---|---|---|
| Autocratic | Leader decides and directs | Emergencies, codes, disasters |
| Democratic (participative) | Staff share decisions; slower | Stable units, change projects — not emergencies |
| Laissez-faire | Minimal direction | Highly experienced, self-directed teams |
| Transformational | Shared vision, inspires and motivates | Organisational change |
| Situational | Adapts to staff readiness and context | Mixed teams |
Management essentials
- Management functions: planning → organising → staffing → directing → controlling.
- Communication: upward (to a superior), downward (to staff), horizontal (peers), diagonal (across departments and levels).
- Five rights of delegation: right task, circumstance, person, direction/communication, supervision. The RN stays accountable. Never delegate assessment, teaching, evaluation or unstable patients.
- Mission = what we do now; vision = the future we aim for; values = the beliefs that guide us.
- SBAR: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation. The first sentence states the problem.
- Telephone and verbal orders: write down, read back, and have them signed (usually within 24 h). Incident reports are factual and are not mentioned in the chart.
- Follow the chain of command: charge nurse → supervisor → director.
- A new manager first assesses (introduces themself, observes and evaluates) before making changes.
Ethics & law
| Principle | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Autonomy | Respecting the patient's right to decide (informed consent, refusing treatment, withdrawing from research) |
| Beneficence | Doing good |
| Non-maleficence | Avoiding harm |
| Justice | Fairness and equal treatment |
| Fidelity | Keeping promises |
| Veracity | Telling the truth |
| Confidentiality | Sharing information only with those involved in care |
| Accountability | Answering for one's own actions (e.g., reporting your own error) |
- Informed consent needs competence, comprehension, voluntariness and disclosure. The physician explains; the nurse witnesses the signature — and does not sign if the patient is confused.
- Research with children needs parental consent plus the child's assent.
Nursing process, research & community
- ADPIE: Assessment → Diagnosis → Planning (goals and interventions) → Implementation → Evaluation (was the goal met? did the patient understand?).
- Research: identify the problem first → literature review → research question → hypothesis → design → data → analysis → discussion.
- Evidence strength: systematic reviews of RCTs > RCTs > cohort > case-control > descriptive > expert opinion.
- Prevention: primary (prevent disease — vaccines, education), secondary (early detection and treatment — screening), tertiary (rehabilitation, limiting disability).
- Fire: RACE (Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish/Evacuate) and PASS (Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep). Evacuate ambulatory patients first, then wheelchair, then bedridden.
- Disaster water supply: at least 1 gallon (about 4 L) per person per day for at least 3 days.
اختبر نفسك الآن
85 سؤالاً بنمط الاختبار في القيادة والأخلاقيات والبحث، مع شرح لكل خيار. حساب مجاني بدون بطاقة.
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