القيم المخبرية الطبيعية
Chemistry, blood count, coagulation and drug levels.
أساسيات التمريض والإجراءات
Chemistry
| Test | Normal (SI) | Conventional |
|---|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/L | 135 – 145 mEq/L |
| Potassium | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L | 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L |
| Chloride | 98 – 106 mmol/L | |
| Calcium (total) | 2.15 – 2.62 mmol/L | 8.6 – 10.5 mg/dL |
| Magnesium | 0.7 – 1.0 mmol/L | 1.7 – 2.2 mg/dL |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.5 mmol/L | 2.5 – 4.5 mg/dL |
| Glucose (fasting) | 3.9 – 5.5 mmol/L | 70 – 100 mg/dL |
| HbA1c | < 5.7% normal · ≥ 6.5% diabetes | Reflects about 3 months |
| Urea (BUN) | 2.5 – 7 mmol/L | 7 – 20 mg/dL |
| Creatinine | 60 – 110 µmol/L | 0.6 – 1.2 mg/dL |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/L | 3.5 – 5.0 g/dL |
Hematology & coagulation
| Test | Normal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin | Male 130–170 g/L · Female 120–160 g/L | Pregnancy ≥ 110 g/L |
| Hematocrit | Male 0.42–0.52 · Female 0.37–0.48 | Rises with dehydration and burns |
| WBC | 4.5 – 10.5 × 10⁹/L | Neutropenia → protective isolation |
| Platelets | 150 – 400 × 10⁹/L | < 50 → bleeding precautions |
| PT / INR | 11–13.5 s / 0.8–1.2 | Warfarin target INR 2–3 (mechanical valve 2.5–3.5) |
| aPTT | 30 – 40 s | Heparin target 1.5–2.5 × control |
Drug levels & other values
| Item | Range | Watch for |
|---|---|---|
| Digoxin | 0.5 – 2.0 ng/mL | > 2: nausea, visual halos, bradycardia (worse with low K) |
| Lithium | 0.6 – 1.2 mEq/L | ≥ 1.5: toxicity — vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, confusion |
| Magnesium (preeclampsia therapy) | About 4 – 7 mEq/L | Loss of reflexes, respiratory depression |
| ICP / CPP | ICP 5–15 mmHg · CPP 60–100 | CPP = MAP − ICP |
| MAP | 70 – 100 mmHg | (SBP + 2 × DBP) ÷ 3; ≥ 65 needed to perfuse the organs |
| Urine output | ≥ 0.5 mL/kg/h (≈ 30 mL/h) | Less suggests hypovolemia or obstruction |
| Urine specific gravity | 1.005 – 1.030 | 1.001–1.005 with polyuria → diabetes insipidus |
| SpO₂ | 95 – 100% | COPD target 88–92% |
| Fetal heart rate | 110 – 160 bpm |
Reference ranges differ slightly between laboratories. In the exam, the question usually shows the normal range — use it.
اختبر نفسك الآن
122 سؤالاً بنمط الاختبار في أساسيات التمريض والإجراءات، مع شرح لكل خيار. حساب مجاني بدون بطاقة.
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